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What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory.

What is correctional welfarism? Laurels hypothesis. What is punitive welfarism? Assess the effect it has had on adolescent equity change ...

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of Congenital Heart essays

An Account of the Anatomy and Physiology of Congenital Heart essays Congenital heart disease (or CHD) is a range of heart disorders, of varying degrees of severity, which are present at birth. CHD affects about eight in every one thousand live babies that are born and is caused by factors operating early in pregnancy. These factors include viral infections (e.g. Rubella), diabetes, maternal radiation and drugs (such as thalidomide, warfarin and phenytoin). CHD is also a feature of Downs syndrome (approximately 30% of sufferers have CHD) and other chromosomal defects. The diseases include the hole in the heart (septal defects), patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis (valve narrowing), aortic stenosis and fallots tetralogy. In the developing embryo, two endothelial tubes run in the belly and fuse in the neck region to form the single heart tube. Venous inflow and arterial outflow are at the caudal (tail) and cephalic (head) ends of the heart tube, respectively. The tube is divided into five segments: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricular inlet component, ventricular outlet component and arterial segment. During the fourth week of gestation, complex looping of the heart tube provides the basis of adult cardiac structure, with the ventricle lying beneath the atrium. The four-chambered structure requires separation of the atrial and ventricular components (and also the division of the arterial segment into the aorta and pulmonary artery). These separations occur during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation and it is this process which is most prone to erroneous development. By the end of the eighth week, cardiovascular development is complete and no further changes take place until birth. CHD offers many clinical manifestations, heart failure being the most obvious. If this occurs in the neonatal period/ first month of independent life, it presents a medical emergency and may be caused by almost any major cardiac defect. In the preterm baby, heart failure is usually the res...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Bettys Summer Vacation Details and Summary

Bettys Summer Vacation Details and Summary Christopher Durangs plays are well-known for addressing taboo content in a biting and humorous manner.  Betty’s Summer Vacation, with its  talk of incest, murder, mutilation, rape, â€Å"three ways,† exposing/flashing, and more, is no exception. Durang notes that his sometimes irreverent manner in dealing with these sensitive topics is meant to reveal to an audience just how far news and entertainment have gone in desensitizing people towards topics that should produce feelings of horror and revulsion, but which are now are glossed over alongside stories of the latest Hollywood scandals. He likens modern audiences to those in Ancient Rome who found entertainment in gladiator battles and sending Christians to fight lions. He writes: â€Å"But I’ve not written a documentary, I’ve written a play; and it’s a farcical play as well, in which we are not meant to EMPATHIZE with the characters the way one is meant to empathize with Blanche DuBois or Willy Loman; it’s more like following the stories of Candide and Cunnegonde in Candide, or the characters in a Joe Orton farce, or even the characters in a 1930s screwball comedy (though admittedly a dark one).† It may be jarring to read or experience a Durang play if you are unprepared for his style. But, Durang aims for â€Å"healing laughter† that comes from serious events that are now distant enough from an audience that when described in a particular manner can be found humorous. Plot Synopsis Betty is on summer vacation in a shared rental property with her friend Trudy, Trudy’s mother Mrs. Siezmagraff, Keith, and Buck. Trudy is a talkative young woman who grates on Betty’s nerves. Buck is an over-sexed lout and Keith just might be a serial killer with a head in a hatbox. Mrs. Siezmagraff is a codependent, Auntie Mame-ish wild woman.  She invites a homeless man, Mr. Vanislaw, to come over for the night as her date. Mr.Vanislaw is wearing a trench coat and sneakers and he flashes everyone in the house and alludes to his penis every chance he gets. Trudy and Betty beg Mrs. Siezmagraff to keep Mr. Vanislaw under control, but she refuses to acknowledge his lewd behavior just as she refused to acknowledge that her late husband molested Trudy. After a night of charades, Mrs. Siezmagraff and Mr. Vanislaw go out drinking. Mrs. Siezmagraff passes out on the floor and Mr. Vanislaw, mad that his date is no longer able to perform, goes in search of Trudy and rapes her. Afterwards Trudy is furious with her mother for allowing the man into their house and demands that she do something, but Mrs. Siezmagraff turns a blind eye and says, â€Å"Every time I get a husband or a boyfriend, Trudy’s always after them.† Trudy is enraged and grabs a kitchen knife and cuts off Mr. Vanislaw’s penis. Keith then cuts off his head. During these events there is canned laughter, similar to that of a laugh track, coming from the ceiling. At first it is sporadic and confusing to the characters, but eventually they become accustomed to the laughter and question why some line or action might get a laugh while others do not. Then the Voices in the ceiling start talking back to the characters and making requests. Those requests soon turn into demands. When Mrs. Siezmagraff calls 911 and the dispatcher tells her to bring Keith and Trudy to the police station, and Betty goes for a walk, and Buck leaves to find the towns’ easy widow, and there is no one left for the Voices to watch, they get frustrated and angry and crash through the ceiling and into the setting of the play. They are a three-headed monster of sorts. They have three different personalities, but share a connected body bound with wires and tubing. The Voices demand that Betty and the rest of the residents at the summer share put on a courtroom drama to entertain them. After an Oscar worthy performance by Mrs. Siezmagraff in which she plays defense attorney, abusive mother, and long lost Irish maid, The Voices pronounce Keith and Trudy innocent of all charges. However, The Voices won’t stop there. They want violence and more violence. They want Keith to cut off more heads and Trudy to cut off more penises. When Buck comes home, this is just what Keith and Trudy do, all the while bonding nicely over the gruesome experience. The Voices want more. They want Keith to blow up the house. Betty begs to escape and manages to run as Keith turns on the gas stove and pulls out a match. Production Details Setting: A nice seaside summer community - maybe somewhere on the New Jersey shore. Not a trendy, chic location. Time: Summer Cast Size: This play can accommodate 9 actors. Male Characters: 5 Female Characters: 4 Characters that could be played by either males or females: 0 Roles Betty is a reasonable young woman. She is the most normal of the group of characters assembled at the summer share. She feels pressured by her job and her mother and is looking for a relaxing vacation at the beach. Trudy uses words as medication. She speaks long and incessantly about anything and everything. She is not used to being listened to and is surprised when Betty or The Voices acknowledge her. She is desperate for attention. Keith is a quiet young man who is looking to be left alone. He had a troubled childhood similar to Trudy’s and learned to cope by cutting off people’s heads. Buck is a â€Å"lout-hunk.† He is sexist in a naà ¯ve way. He believes that all women want to be with him just as he wants to be with them. He prefers to get off about 20 times a day and feels in pain if he falls short of this number. Mrs. Siezmagraff is a grand old woman. She lives life in a large way with self-inflicted blinders. She refuses to see herself or her daughter as a victim, instead choosing to view Trudy as competition for the love/lust of despicable men. Mr. Vanislaw is a derelict who gets his jollies by exposing himself to women as often as possible. He is uncomplicated and unapologetic in his wants and desires. The Group of Voices are comprised of two men and one woman. They are a cross section of demographics that TV stations poll to see what America finds entertaining. Production/Character Notes In the script provided by Dramatists Play Service, Inc, Christopher Durang has notes for potential directors, actors, and producers. He writes about tone, character choices, the use of blood and much more. Any theatre or company looking to produce Betty’s Summer Vacation would find it useful to read and study these notes. Content Issues: Language, murder, violence, rape, incest, sex

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Organized Crime in the United States Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organized Crime in the United States - Assignment Example If push comes to shove, Mafia usually ends up with an option to murder and other related act of crimes just to make it a point to achieve its objectives. Organized crime just like the Mafia continues to exist today because it has substantial hold prior to its foundation and sustainability. Its operations as an organization substantially involve both economic and political concerns. In this reason, it is always an opportunity for Mafia to have tie up with corrupt political machines (Mallory, 2007). Not only that, it also ensures to have strong link with other powerful few in the society. In this way, they could have more freedom to initiate everything prior to the achievement of their objectives. Furthermore, social disorganization in the face of gangs usually evolves into a group something bigger and ends up like organized crime (Mallory, 2007). This means, culture in making violence persists and even could form into something more systematic just with the case of organized crime. The U.S. criminal justice system is dealing with the American Mafia due to the following reasons. First, part in the judicial investigation and emancipation of law, there is a concrete battle on how to define Mafia or even organized crime. The state tries to come up with concrete definition how to define organized crime and substantially includes Mafia in this category (Lyman & Potter, 2007; Mallory, 2007). Another point is the fact that the US justice system is not oblivious about the crimes committed by this group that at some point may lead to terroristic activities. That is why The Patriot Act may substantially deal with this issue (Reichel, 2007). This eventually paves the way to investigate further this group and even subject their actuation to the rule of law in order to ensure that justice system prevails in the state. For this reason, the US criminal justice system views the cases of crimes committed by Mafia in the same

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

The Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

The Business Plan - Essay Example Dark Horse Imports Inc. is dedicated to providing the Australian public with the best tasting, premium beer the world has to offer and also aims to control and distribute all SHAG related products for Australia. Dark Horse Inc. is a local management company in Australia which depends directly on The Spirit, Hop and Grape Company (Asia) Ltd. Dark Horse will import Shag lager from Malaysia and will take responsibilities of all the logistic process, from Malaysia to the final consumer, and also all the marketing and promotion activities. The management team for Shag is highly motivated and well qualified for the job. It will consist of Joseph P. Keenan II (CEO), Jacint Fit (CFO) and Benjamin Jeffery (Marketing and Sales). The first product that we will be launching will be SHAG, a premium lager "microbrew" type beer due to the lack of any real competition in this marketplace. The second product will be Blue SHAG Vodka plus, a delightful Vodka drink based with taurine, guarana and caffeine. The third product is a "fab" drink. Following the trend of "fab" drinks, SHAG will launch its own exciting range of fruit-flavoured fermented alcohol drinks. SHAG Beer: Brewed traditionally in Holland, with long lagering and fermentation process, Shag Lager has an alcoholic content of 5% ABV. Using natural spring water, superior malt, hops and yeast from Holland respectively. The end result is a premium lager superior to other major brands. Shag is supplied in 24-pack cases consisting of 300ML bottles in cluster (six-pack) packaging. Major Benefits - Superior Lager - Superior taste compared to other major brands in the market Potentially Strong Market Presence - for the growing and large Australian Beer Market Unique and Attractive Packaging Use of Superior Products from Holland Supplied in Convenient Packaging Blue SHAG Vodka plus: Vodka-based drink with taurine, guarana and caffeine. Described as being a better tasting product than most other Blue drinks, Blue Shag has an alcoholic content of 5.5% ABV. Its unique, 250ml bottle and their marketing plan through merchandising will ensure people keep coming back for more. Major Benefits- Unique Taste Aim for Customers 'wanting more' of Shag - 250 ml bottle Unique Marketing Plan Saleable as the Best Blue Drink in the market Appropriate Alcohol Content SHAG "fab": Following the trend if "fab" also called flavored alcoholic beverages, SHAG will launch its own exciting range of fruit-flavored, fermented alcohol drinks. Fab's has been widely credited with a maintained sales in an wider alcoholic drinks markets as the more traditional spirits markets decline . The combination of naturally fermented alcohol and delicious fruit juices will

Sunday, November 17, 2019

The ways in which Dads Army exploits its medium to create and circle humour Essay Example for Free

The ways in which Dads Army exploits its medium to create and circle humour Essay Dads Army is a situation comedy set in a small, desolate town during the Second World War. Dads army is based on a unit of a home guard. The town is called Walmington-On-Sea. The show, directed by David Croft and Jimmy Perry, was broadcasted from 1908 to1977. It was shown weekly. The show is mainly about a platoon. This platoon consists of a group of men who set up a local defence unit. The platoon is lead by George Mainwaring. Dads Army is an early sitcom. If we watch carefully we can see that it is rooted in many antecedent genres notably Theatre and Radio. Radio donates the voices and how they differ in different situations. These changes are usually the quickness, tone and volume. We can see this when Mainwaring emphasis what he says. He seems to speak like a machine gun firing. The words are fired out loud and quickly and sometimes letters are missed off outstandingly vowels and syllables. Theatre offer many different tricks used since before Shakespeare, which mainly are set pieces. Dads Army takes many different scenes from Shakespeare. A fine example of this is in a later episode of Dads Army. It was taken from Shakespeares Twelfth Night when Malvolio is being watched. Dads army replaces Malvolio with Mainwaring. We can also realise that the Platoon always mess the jobs they are given up. This adds to the comedy in a clownish sort of way. Maybe because we notice that Mainwaring is always trying to keep the military ethic, idea and dignity which is usually demolished because of his uniform being messed up. This clown acting is used in every episode of Dads Army. There are many examples of these, most of them being continual gags (happens in nearly episode) outstandingly Pike always getting wet and Mainwaring being ridiculed due to the state of his uniform. The acting in Dads Army is mostly to create humour but the words that are spoken can be used for humour or to send a message across to the audience such as if they were posh or not. The way the character speaks allows us to discover more about them e.g. if they had special accents or catch phrases. But this could happen in any other sitcom. What separates Dads Army from every other sitcom at the time was that it describes the actors character in great depth. We can learn many things from the characters as the programme is episodic, which is another thing which is donated by radio. This means, unlike a soap opera, that there are no cliff hangers. This also lets us to discover the personalitys of the characters in depth and allows character development e.g. Pike is very sensitive. This also allows room for catch phrases e.g. you stupid boy! There is more ways in which humour is created and circled though. There are many other reasons how Dads Army exploits its medium to create and circle humour. The camera works always adds effect in these situation comedies. We can see this clearly in Dads Army. In episode 59 Things that go bump in the night we can see this happening. First we have the scene in which once again Pike gets wet as the door was shut by Fraser on him. The camera moved between the characters involved but the shots were only seconds long. This creates the comedy as you just get a glance at the face expressions. These are called reaction shots. This is why Dads Army differs from theatre. Here we can see the look on the characters face before and after the incident. This is one of the main ways in which Dads Army exploits its medium. Secondly, when the house owner arrives home the camera shows two second shots of the Platoon and the owner of the house. We never actually see the face of the owner until the lights in the bedroom are switched on. This makes it seem more like a horror film which in the end turns to humour. Do create the humour the camera uses panning such as zooming into characters, close ups and reaction shots. Technology has also effected how Dads Army is created. At the time the latest technology was used to create the opening credits which were cleverly produced to make the audience know that the programme is a comedy right from the start. They did this by using a military operations map with different flags on it. This is emphasised by the chase music in the background. What is hard not to notice is the canned laughter. This is used to circle the comedy just displayed on the screen. It is used in every episode. This can sometimes influence the audience in many different ways.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Bell Jar :: essays research papers

It is 1953, and Esther Greenwood has just finished college for the year, and she has a won a one month internship at the Ladies Day magazine. She is one of twelve winners. All twelve girls are staying at the Amazon Hotel, while they deal with their hectic work schedule and social lives, as well. Esther’s boss for the month is Jay Cee, and Esther’s best friend for the month is Doreen. One night, Esther and Doreen were in a cab, on the way to one of the events that the Ladies Day had planned for them. They got stuck in a traffic jam, and ended up finding a man by the name of Lenny Shepherd. Esther and Doreen follow Lenny back to his apartment, and they all drink. Doreen and Lenny start getting more intimate, so Esther decides to leave and go back to the hotel, leaving Doreen there. Not too many days later, Esther attends a banquet with the other contest winners, and she indulges in caviar and crabmeat salad. Later, she feels sick and goes back to the hotel. All of the contest winners got food poisoning from the crabmeat salad. Near the end of the internship, Esther goes on a date with a man named Marco. Early on in the date, Esther knew she didn’t like him very much, and he ended up assaulting her. Esther was torn inside, and the next day she decided to go home to New England. When her mom picks her up, she told Esther of the news that she was not accepted into the writing program she worked so hard to apply to. Over the next few weeks, Esther becomes depressed. She refuses to bathe, and she wears the same clothes over and over. Her dream was to become a poet, but now she can’t even write. She goes to the Doctor, asking for more sleeping pills; instead he referred her to a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist is Dr. Gordon. He believed that Esther would do well with electro-shock treatments. She went to one, and hated it. It terrified her. After this, Esther becomes obsessed with suicide. She even attempted suicide a couple of times, but each time she was unsuccessful. She tried hanging herself, drowning herself, and slitting her wrists. One day, she decided to take a bunch of sleeping pills, and she woke up a couple of days later in the hospital.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

‘Coming Home’ by Marjorie Waters Essay

‘Coming Home’ by Marjorie Waters is a personal essay which describes the author’s feelings upon returning home after a long time and how she recovers from her deep grief caused by losing a loved one to death. The author narrates how she walks around the house, pulling back the curtains, dusting the dirt off, making tea etc., doing chores that make her feel at home again. Simultaneously, she is opening the doors of her soul to freshen it with the feeling of ‘coming back to home’, to finally realise that the bad phase doesn’t last forever. The author begins by writing ‘After the cruelest of winters, the house still stood’. Literally, this line reflects the entire essence of this essay. She makes an analogy between coming home and the end of her grief. She writes about how surprised she is to see her house in a good condition in spite of the havoc wreaked upon it by the wilderness of the nature. Though there were a few breakages here and there, it still stood firmly. Similarly, there too had been a wild ‘winter’ in her life, the death of a beloved one that had broken her from the inside. Homecoming, after a long time, was the end of her grief. She goes in the rooms, pulls back the curtain so that the daylight drives away the long lingering darkness that there was, as the dust particles shimmer in the light and settle back again. During the night, she makes for herself a cup of tea, and reminisces about the sudden and tragic death of her beloved one, which had almost completely destroyed her zest for life. She thinks about what the passers-by, obviously the neighbours, would say when they look at the house, the windows of which now are open and the light in the rooms now illuminates the house. Her return to her place would be known. She reminisces about the dark time period in her life which had left her lurking in the past, which had cut her loose from everything that made her feel at home. She was caught in her ‘own cold storm’. When people came to offer her condolences, they would only talk about the burden of loss but actually, all she felt was ‘weightlessness’. She felt that the world had pushed her away, the distance she would never be able to cover. But the winter had passed and so had her grief. The author writes, ‘I had feared that, in my absence, the space that I had left behind would close over from misuse’. She implies that she had been afraid that this tragedy might cause such melancholy that she would never be able to come out of it, just like  she feared that the gruesome winters would destroy the house. But the house had survived and she too had managed to pull out the strength in her and face the reality. She revives with a new enigma of hope that life will get better, that the grief will not always let the sadness prevail. According to me, the title of the lesson is very much appropriate. She equates the harsh season of the winters to the tragedy that occurred in her life. By ‘coming home’, she hasn’t just come back to a place where she once lived, she has come back to herself, to realise that the ‘winter’ of her life is gone. The grief could no longer sustain, and she had come out if it. She had finally come home, and come back to herself.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Most criminologists use a legal definition of crime

Crime is an action or an instance of negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited. It is a criminal activity that engaged in fights and riots. These definitions connote negative impact to crime and as what it always does to human minds. Stereotyping will always apply every time people encounter the word crime as dangerous, harmful and destructive to humankind and the state. Sociologists define it as deviant act, non-conforming to society’s standard and violating all the rules that the state set up. Thus every act that does not conforms or follows the society’s standards are all considered crime and doers are criminals. Simple violations like way walking, loitering, over speeding, and making noise that disturbs the public are all considered crimes because it violates the society’s rules. To the extent that simple offender will easily be judge as criminal, thus given sanction and punished before the law, no matter how big or small the case was, as long as he/she committed violations punishment, is still given to him/her. Human law or society set standard are said to be righteous thus to be tag on and respected by all. All human kinds are abided to conform the said rules and standard. Acts, which are not set as correct by the state standards, are all crime and sin according to society’s laws. Violators of such are therefore tagged as criminal and thus sin committers. Every rules have corresponding sanctions, thus violators are subject to punishment base on how destructive and offensive the crime may be to people and to the state. Not all people in a state or society are all aware the rules to abide in their respective society. Many were punished without knowing what offenses they are committing or what violation they do. In addition, many are not conscious to policy and sanctions to the said laws. Thus, offenders effortlessly surrender their selves to avoid any possible trouble of non-conformance. With these, Australia New Zealand Policing Support Agency (ANZPSA) was established to give policy support, strategic advice, research, knowledge management and information giving out capacity across jurisdictions. This represents a momentous change in approach that involves the union of functions. An implementation team has been established too to commence the practical arrangements for the creation of the new organization. This agency was created to investigate possible causes of offenses, and possibly give massive information on how to avoid and handle crimes that may occur. This includes, thorough analysis of a certain case, its implications and root cause why such crime/offenses arise. There are many crimes reported everyday throughout the country. Each one needs a kin and careful investigation because authority cannot easily accuse the suspect as guilty without proper jurisdiction. Cases are being study, offenders are questioned; his/her family background, his/her status and the reason behind his offenses are also investigated. If suspect is proven guilty before the law, sanctions and punishments are given. This punishment varies from case to case bases, which are also set together with the rules and standard of a certain community. There are also violations that need not to punish right away. Offenders are usually given warnings or let be pay for a certain amount. Mostly are jaywalkers and loiterers. Crimes may vary from country to country, depending on how such country set its norm. According to National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) U.S most common committed crimes are gang crime, hate crime, organized crime, property crime, trafficking in persons, public offenses and drug crime, (http://www.acpr.gov.au/). Drug crime as the most common offenses committed anywhere; cause so much damage that resulted to other related crimes. Drug and alcohol crime are offenses that involve many related crime doers. These include the user and the pusher. User may led to addiction which may caused him/her to do acts which are not set as standards to the society as a whole, like theft, rape, and robbery that resulted to public disturbance and destructions. Crime involving drugs is most rampant violation that every one encounters, because drugs is present anywhere people go. Most people have access to it; even young ones can afford to hand it due to simple and easy to have resources. The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program (ADAM) deals the level of drug and alcohol use in risky population of people. They are designed to investigate on how do arrestees use the drugs, how frequent they use how they obtain it and what push them to do so. These data’s are collected either thru personal interview with the arrestees and careful observations. Dosage of offenders’ intake is also measured thru test and urinalysis. Investigations always occur during the arrest and not later than 48 hours to make documentation for proper reporting and study to come up a correct and accurate report on what alcohol and drugs are commonly abused and the effect it cause to the user and to the public. Crime as a deviant behavior said to violate a prevailing norms especially cultural standard that dictates people on how to behave well and what someone should avoid to do, (Berger, 1963). This view consider the complicated facts surrounding the definition of crime and seeks to understand how changing social political, psychological and economic conditions may affect the current definition of crime and the form of legal law enforcement. Crime perception may change from time to time. This changes depends on the cultural shift of one society also, which affects the criminal statistics rates of the state as well. Socio-economic status of one place plays a role in crime rate also. For example, in a drastically losing its resources country/society may affect the attitude of the people to crave for food for living especially if there is scarcity of its supply in their respective community. Scarcity of jobs will also affect criminal rate of a certain place. Absence may lead people to commit some expected job-less related crime like theft and robbery. If one place is in famine or less job opportunities, it is expected that crime will also rise. On the other hand, if the state is in good economic standing, crime rate will also lessen. Economic change and cultural shift determines the allocation of resources for the enforcement of law, and influences public opinion. In addition, changes in criminal rate will also affect on how the public think and perceived crime. Such adjustments, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitude to the extent to which the law should be used to enforce any particular social norms. There are many ways that behavior can control without having to resort criminal justice system, in those cases where there were no clear consensus on the given norm. The use of the criminal law by the group of authority to prohibit a particular action maybe considered improper for the others. Crime as called deviant act will also have a corresponding punishments attach to it. Every person involve is given an equivalent sanction to the crime committed. In such a way that the said criminal be stop and further damage to the public and to the state can then be avoided, because the state or the authority believes that allowing any crime to occur without doing any action is just like letting harms to spread without any preventing or stopping device to control it. This process involves criminalisation, with the involvement of the state as the authority to control the said crimes. It is a crime reduction device restricting individual liberty to minimize harm to others. Though every citizen has the right to liberty but not all liberty is harm-free to others. Because hat maybe considered crime to the others may not be crime for the other party. Criminalisation may provide future harm reduction even after the occurrence of crime, assuming that those act are more likely to cause further damage in the future. Criminalisation is intended for the crime doers to pay their crime offenses to stop the act at the early stage to prevent and minimize criminals. In this case criminalisation is a way to set the reward that criminals must have after committing certain evil action that are considered threat to the peacefulness of the society as a whole. In addition; criminalisation can be viewed as a state sanctioned to the crime doers. Because I personally believed that once a person is not aware of his deeds, whether he/she already caused damage to the others will continuously patronage his/her action if not being reprimanded of his wrong doings. In this sense, sanctions must be something that could make evildoers awake then, if not he/she more likely to repeat the said action again and again. Crime rate is measured to determine the number or crime incidence happen in that particular place. In order to compare on what specific year and month that crime rate rise and fall, so that the public has the idea when to be more careful and not as well as to be more familiar with the places where crime rate is high. Countries and societies have different methods in measuring crime rate. Some used survey, personal interviews and sample sampling. In Australia, they use fact and figures to gather and determine the occurrence of crime, which come from a variety of sources. They use two types of collection data. Namely, administrative and survey method. Both types of information needed to help our comprehension of the level and effects of crime to the people and in the community. The sources they use with these issues are listed in the reference for future retrieval and comparison. Administrative collection for criminal justice agencies keep record of their work process and progress related to crime in different stages. Criminal cases are being divided into different agencies to handle with in order for it to be carefully tackle. In addition, public has the idea on what agency to look for in looking for a particular crime. For example police keep incidents record, court record the details of cases and their disposition and correction agencies have details of the offenders and their corresponding charges. Most crime information come from administrative collections which tackle the whole population that come into contact with the criminal justice system and remain stable in terms of data collection and sources for the long period of time. There are limitations on spreading of the said data, including comparison across agencies and jurisdictions. For example police record details about offenses, courts record cases and correction agencies for the information about individuals’ prisoners. Although improvement arises in workflow of the said data sources, data definitions and collecting method used are not always the same across jurisdiction and recording quality maybe vary. It takes time to come up with an agreement at a national level on the key issue including definitions of new and arising violations. More detailed and close likely to accurate information about crime and justice is often available at the jurisdictional level, even when it is not possible to come up with national statistics. Not all crime is reported to police. Thus not all crimes were record and collected information then. Unreported crimes usually occur at rural areas where people do not have enough access to authority. Minor crimes like theft, sexual assaults, and minor incidence are the usual crime that is most commonly unreported. Twenty percent of crime related to sexual assaults is believed to be unreported and almost ninety five percent for motor vehicle thefts incidence. This is the reason why other sources of data collection use the method of asking questions to the public in order to come up with the highest and lowest common answers. These answers are then recorded in a similarly uniform way so that the information they provide is reliable and comparable. Crime surveys are believed to produce more accurate vision of actual crime rate in a particular society. Although survey is said to be more accurate than the others there is still possibilities of error with regard of its percentage, due to small sample population involved. But percentage of errors is also being recorded in order to determine the error. Crime brought negative connotation to individuals’ perception and thinking, based on how the state or society label it as such also. The imposed and practice rules and regulation culturally embraced society, because society has its norms and standard to follow. Doing the opposite to the said norms is therefore considered deviant. Thus doers are labeled as shame to the family where she/he belongs and to the community as a whole. These are labeled as such because the society set it as such also, and the people therefore are obliged to observe and follow the norms being an occupant of the society. Therefore, people committing such deviant acts are subject to face and suffer before the law. The consistent problem has been to justify the society’s use of force to coerce with its law. Natural law theory posits that the standard of morality are derived from or constructed by the nature of the world or of human beings. Thomas Aquinas said: â€Å" the law and measure of human acts is the reason which is the first principle of human acts.†(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crime. Since people are by nature rational beings, it is morally appropriate that they should behave in a way that conforms to their rational being. Thus any law must conform to natural law and coercing people to conform to that law is morally acceptable. Every human actions deal always with morality. The problem may arise if ones moral act which is set his/her nature may not be moral to the others, which probably came from other society whose moral value are not the same. Thus crime may also result to. But in dealing with these issues both parties involve must understand and know each others moral value to compromise to possibly eradicate the arising trouble, as well as the authority who have the power to weigh and decide it all. Majority of natural law theorist accepts that the primary function of the law is to enforce the prevailing morality. The problem with this is that it makes any moral criticism, if conformity with natural law is necessary conditions for legal validity. It s always necessary for the existing law to be just and fair to all individuals in a society. Equal treatment and punishment must be given to offenders regardless of their ethnicity, status and socio-economic standing. The law may be acceptable but the use of state power to citizens to comply with that law is not morally justified. Crime may be characterized as the violation of individual rights. Since right are considered as natural and crime as a man-made labeling. Therefore crime is also natural. Perfect example for this is that man’s nature is to look for food for survival, and he must take some actions on how to get his/her basic needs. In remote areas for example most people get their food anywhere they want and with any method they knew. Some cultivate food in their own, using the land they found regardless of the ownership of the said land. Whether it owns by the state or by other people. With this scenario, in natural moral aspect the act is right and legal because the nature dictates man to have food to survive. On the other hand, human implemented law states that it is illegal and criminal because of using the land which is own by the other people. It is invasion of property if the society law calls it. In this case, the man, which is just doing things that is for him legal, will be hold and question by the state before the law. Natural theory therefore distinguishes between criminality, which is derived from human nature, and illegality, which is derived from the interest of those in power. This view leads to a seemingly paradox that an act can be illegal that is no crime, while criminal act could be perfectly legal. Reference: Books: Berger, Peter. (1963). Introduction to Sociology, Doubleday and Co., Inc. New York. Dostoevsky, Fryodor. (1981). Crime and Punishment, Bantam Books. New York. Feinberg, Joel. (1973). Social Philosophy, Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey. Halt, William. (1973). Social Control, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Forth Worth. Hess, Beth. (1976). Sociology, Prentice Hall. New York. Hudson, Helen. (1985). Criminal Trespass, G.P. Putnam’s sons. New York. Lerry G. Lao-Valdez. et.al. (2005). Introduction to Literature: A Book Of Reading†, Julbert Press. Department of English, College OF Arts & Social Sciences, MSU,   IIT, Iligan   City. Sanchez, Custodiosa. (1997). Contemporary Social Problems and Issues, National Bookstores. Manila.    Internet: Australasian Centre for Policing Research (http://www.acpr.gov.au/) Australian Legal Information Institute (http://www.austlii.edu.au (legal resources Crime. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Australia) Crime meaning. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crime) Criminality. (http://www.crimelibrary.com) Law Enforcement Links http://www.leolinks.com/ (viewed 19 April 2006) National Criminal Justice reference Service (http://www.ncjrs.org)      

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Verbs Like Know

Verbs Like Know Verbs Like Know Verbs Like Know By Maeve Maddox Reader Nancy has noticed the following use of know: If Id know this years ago. This is a non-standard use of the verb, possibly an example of dialect. In standard usage known is the past participle called for in this clause: If Id known this years ago†¦ Know belongs to a small group of verbs that have retained their irregular forms: know-knew-(have) known blow-blew-(have) blown grow-grew-(have) grown throw threw (have) thrown The third form in each example is the past participle form used with the helping verbs have and has. The past participle can also be used as an adjective. Here are some examples: Verb use If Id known this years ago, I would have changed my behavior. The wind has blown without cease for three days. I have grown these tomatoes from seed. Billy has thrown a perfect curve ball. Adjective use Elizabeth George is a well-known author. The youth has no known arrests. My car has a blown gasket. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†How Long Should a Paragraph Be?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

How to Write a Good Conclusion Essay

How to Write a Good Conclusion Essay Tips on Writing a Good Conclusion for an Essay We can hardly imagine a a student who has never written a single essay. Academic assignments are the vital part of student’s life whether you study in college, high school or university. Essay papers are probably the most popular assignments. They may be of different types from argumentative to research papers. Its not actually matter what type of essay you were assigned. Each paper should have a specific structure while each essay should have a conclusion abstract. Most immature and amateur authors are sure that concluding a paper is a piece of cake. You should never underestimate this part. Take it seriously, as it may define the general academic success of the major paper. What is a conclusion paragraph? Keep in mind that conclusion is not just a summary. Although it is always a final abstract of the paper, it may be even of greater importance than the body paragraphs. It provides your final thought about major issues of the paper supported by evidence and strong argumentations. You are to persuade your reader that your point of view is correct. The conclusion lets you handle this. What is conclusion necessary for? The final abstract or conclusion of your essay serves several purposes. It may appear to be the last chance to make all points of your paper clear to readers. You general paper may look daunting, but the conclusion is the last straw when it comes to making a good impression on the reader. The core conclusion purposes are as follows: Stress Main Ideas – the writer highlights key topics and evidence. The first statement should refer to your thesis while the rest explain the main aspects of the paper; Summarize the Points – summarizing key points is only a part of concluding the paper. The idea is to briefly remind the reader of what you were talking about; Make a Final Impression – the main objective is to make a strong impression on your readers. It does not actually matter if they liked reading your general paper. If they like your conclusion, your paper is a success. The importance of writing a strong conclusion Underestimating the role of conclusion in your paper would be a huge mistake. The abstract is actually your last chance to hammer the key points in readers’ minds.   As for the role, it can be divided into three main issues: Sum Up Writer’s Thoughts – a complicated topic may contain too many thoughts for the reader to follow at once. A conclusion is a good opportunity to sum them up in a brief description featuring the key points; Skim and Scan Function – a conclusion makes it easy for the reader to browse through your paper and concentrate on key issues. It enables the skim and scam function of your essay. You can stress the most important areas of the paper and introduce them to the reader. Final word Although the conclusion is the last abstract of your essay, it is probably the most important one. It will let you hit bull’s eye when it comes to making a good impression on the reader letting him or her understand all major points and aspects of your essay paper.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Jews in Early Modern Venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jews in Early Modern Venice - Essay Example The paper throws light on Jewish culture as well. The hurdles that the efforts on part of music composers had to go through. Most of their efforts were shunned, by the neo-religious elements of the society. There is focus on the community service and the values that prevailed in Venice; their religious practices; the stones that were thrown on them in the form of bills passed by the Vatican government; The various communities that lived within the Jews are also talked about at great length. Their origins, their impact, their whereabouts, their contributions and their status are also discussed. The Levantines, enjoyed the highest economic strata and were later even allocated a separate portion in the Ghetto. Last, but not the least, the paper also elaborates on the architecture of the ghettos as well. The interiors, the exterior, the dos and don'ts of these places called the squalos and the grandeur associated with them Venice has long been recognized as one of the most multicultural and multi ethnic niches of the world. Situated across eastern Italy, it is a unique amalgamation of 40 different islands. Its length is approximately 40 km long and it varies in breadth from 5 to 10 km. Venice has served as a safe haven for various segregated communities of all times, of refugees and of barbarians. Several islands act protect the land from coastal waters of the open sea, with 3 main inlets moving out of the estuary. It has served as the center of trade between eastern and western European countries ever since 330 A.D. and has been a haven for a vast number of communities coming from different ethnic, religious and social backgrounds. That is why; Venice has never had a pure mythical identity; but home and shelter to refugees, a negative place, and a welcome land for people escaping the barbarians. Embedded in the fabrics of their society, in the confines of the city are Jewish ghettos. Also called the Ghetto Vichhio, Ghetto Nuvissmo or Ghetto Nuovo, they are occupied by a relatively more affluent class of the Jews. Ghettos are segregated areas of the society that harbor the shunned ones. They have been preeminent havens of various societies and eras, but gained prominence during the time of the Nazis. In the days of World War II, Jews were kept in these ghettos before being transported to the death camps. Huge walls were built around the fortifications of the ghettos, to protect the community from the events like Christmas and Easter. The History of the Jews in Venice Jews came on the forefront in the tenth century. This was when documents asking for permission to let Jews embark on a ship were refused. Restrictions were relaxed on the Jews in the late fourteenth century as they were allowed to enter the city. In 1508, the Jews ganged up with the natives to help the government fight the Papals' forces called the League of Cambrai. Even though the forces of Venice lost the battle, this event marked the influx of thousands of Jews in the Venice. The crowd that swarmed in the streets of Venice, escaping the warring tribes. The conflict was resolved and Venice recovered most